非理性主义：[拉丁语：ir，非]哲学中的非理性主义并不完全否认理性的作用，但它反对认为理性的功能是无限制的或最高的这种主张。在许多领域中，如研究的第一原理，人类存在的最终根据和最深奥的宗教真理，理性都无法把握真理。因此，按照非理性主义的各种说法，我们必须诉诸于非逻辑的和无中介的认识方式，如直觉、直接经验和获得真理的信仰，也必须对文化和传统加以考虑。许多为理性辩护的哲学家，如柏拉图、阿奎那和康德，都认识到理性活动的界限。很多宗教哲学，特别是信仰主义，主张理性在理解中至多起着从属的作用。尼采和存在主义者批判了理性至高无上的启蒙运动主张，这个主张被当代后现代主义在不同场合中被承继。“关于非理性主义的争端由于注意到这种情况而变得鲜明起来：当实用主义者说：“一切可以用于解释”真理、知识、道德、德性“的事就是要让我们回过头来求助于文化的具体细节，而那些术语就是在这个文化中生长和发展起来的时候，启蒙运动的维护者就以为他正在说：‘真理和德性即是公众所赞同的现存的东西。’”——R.罗蒂：《实用主义，相对主义，非理性主义》，《美国哲学学会会报和演讲录》，第53期（1980），第737页。Irrationalism：[Latin ir, not]Irrationalism in philosophy does not reject the role of reason entirely, but itrejects the claim that the function of reason is unlimited or supreme. In manyareas, such as the first principles of a study, the ultimate ground of humanexistence, and the profoundest religious truths, reason cannot grasp the truth.Hence, according to different versions of irrationalism, we must appeal tonon-logical and unmediated modes of cognition, such as intuition, immediate experience,and faith, to gain the truth, and must also take culture and tradition intoaccount. Many philosophers who are the chief proponents of reason, such as Plato,Aquinas, and Kant, realized the limits of rational activity. Much religious philosophy,especially fideism, claims that reason plays at most a subordinate role in understanding.Nietzsche and the existentialists criticized the Enlightenment claim of thesuperiority of reason, a view taken up in a different context by contemporary postmodernists.“The issue aboutirrationalism can be sharpened by noting that when the pragmatist says: ‘Allthatcan be done to explicate “truth”, “knowledge”, “morality”, “virtue” is torefer us back to the concrete details of the culture in which these terms grewup and developed’, the defender of the Enlightenment takes him to be saying ‘truthand virtue are simply what a community agrees that they are’.”——Rorty, “Pragmatism, Relativism,Irrationalism,”Proceedings and Address of the American Philosophical Association 53点击右下角“写评论”可以添加评论哲理、思辨、学识、意见关注即可自定义搜索长按两秒，快速关注中国文艺媒体联盟 | 艺窝疯 核心成员